Responsive early childhood parenting, preschool enrollment, and eventual student learning outcomes: a cross-country analysis using hierarchical linear modeling with TIMSS 2019 data
Abstract This paper examines whether parental engagement in early childhood and preschooling act as substitutes, or whether their joint effect enhances students’ learning outcomes. We utilize the TIMSS 2019 dataset and employ a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to analyze data from 52 coun...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2025-05-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-025-00141-6 |
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