Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies.
<h4>Background</h4>Independent medical evaluations (IMEs) are commonly acquired to provide an assessment of impairment; however, these assessments show poor inter-rater reliability. One potential contributor is symptom exaggeration by patients, who may feel pressure to emphasize their le...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324684 |
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| author | Andrea J Darzi Li Wang John J Riva Rami Z Morsi Rana Charide Rachel J Couban Samer G Karam Kian Torabiardakani Annie Lok Shanil Ebrahim Sheena Bance Regina Kunz Gordon H Guyatt Jason W Busse |
| author_facet | Andrea J Darzi Li Wang John J Riva Rami Z Morsi Rana Charide Rachel J Couban Samer G Karam Kian Torabiardakani Annie Lok Shanil Ebrahim Sheena Bance Regina Kunz Gordon H Guyatt Jason W Busse |
| author_sort | Andrea J Darzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Independent medical evaluations (IMEs) are commonly acquired to provide an assessment of impairment; however, these assessments show poor inter-rater reliability. One potential contributor is symptom exaggeration by patients, who may feel pressure to emphasize their level of impairment to qualify for incentives. This study explored the prevalence of symptom exaggeration among IME examinees in North America, which if common may represent an important consideration for improving the reliability of IMEs.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from inception to July 08, 2024. We included observational studies that used a known-group design or multi-modal determination method. Paired reviewers independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of symptom exaggeration and explored potential subgroup effects for sex, age, education, clinical condition, and confidence in the reference standard. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence.<h4>Results</h4>We included 44 studies with 46 cohorts and 9,794 patients. The median of the mean age was 40 (interquartile range [IQR] 38-42). Most cohorts included patients with traumatic brain injuries (n = 31, 67%) or chronic pain (n = 11, 24%). Prevalence of symptom exaggeration across studies ranged from 17% to 67%. We found low certainty evidence suggesting that studies with a greater proportion of women (≥40%) may be associated with higher rates of exaggeration (47%, 95%CI 36-58) vs. studies with a lower proportion of women (<40%) (31%, 95%CI 28-35; test of interaction p = 0.02). Possible explanations include biological differences, greater bodily awareness, or higher rates of negative affectivity. We found no significant subgroup effects for type of clinical condition, confidence in the reference standard, age, or education.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Symptom exaggeration may occur in almost 50% of women and in approximately a third of men undergoing IMEs. The high prevalence of symptom exaggeration among IME attendees provides a compelling rationale for clinical evaluators to formally explore this issue. Future research should establish the reliability and validity of evaluation criteria for symptom exaggeration and develop a structured IME assessment approach. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-111eded82e50445c872fbdfb7d5f6f3c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-111eded82e50445c872fbdfb7d5f6f3c2025-08-20T03:30:04ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01206e032468410.1371/journal.pone.0324684Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies.Andrea J DarziLi WangJohn J RivaRami Z MorsiRana CharideRachel J CoubanSamer G KaramKian TorabiardakaniAnnie LokShanil EbrahimSheena BanceRegina KunzGordon H GuyattJason W Busse<h4>Background</h4>Independent medical evaluations (IMEs) are commonly acquired to provide an assessment of impairment; however, these assessments show poor inter-rater reliability. One potential contributor is symptom exaggeration by patients, who may feel pressure to emphasize their level of impairment to qualify for incentives. This study explored the prevalence of symptom exaggeration among IME examinees in North America, which if common may represent an important consideration for improving the reliability of IMEs.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from inception to July 08, 2024. We included observational studies that used a known-group design or multi-modal determination method. Paired reviewers independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of symptom exaggeration and explored potential subgroup effects for sex, age, education, clinical condition, and confidence in the reference standard. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence.<h4>Results</h4>We included 44 studies with 46 cohorts and 9,794 patients. The median of the mean age was 40 (interquartile range [IQR] 38-42). Most cohorts included patients with traumatic brain injuries (n = 31, 67%) or chronic pain (n = 11, 24%). Prevalence of symptom exaggeration across studies ranged from 17% to 67%. We found low certainty evidence suggesting that studies with a greater proportion of women (≥40%) may be associated with higher rates of exaggeration (47%, 95%CI 36-58) vs. studies with a lower proportion of women (<40%) (31%, 95%CI 28-35; test of interaction p = 0.02). Possible explanations include biological differences, greater bodily awareness, or higher rates of negative affectivity. We found no significant subgroup effects for type of clinical condition, confidence in the reference standard, age, or education.<h4>Conclusion</h4>Symptom exaggeration may occur in almost 50% of women and in approximately a third of men undergoing IMEs. The high prevalence of symptom exaggeration among IME attendees provides a compelling rationale for clinical evaluators to formally explore this issue. Future research should establish the reliability and validity of evaluation criteria for symptom exaggeration and develop a structured IME assessment approach.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324684 |
| spellingShingle | Andrea J Darzi Li Wang John J Riva Rami Z Morsi Rana Charide Rachel J Couban Samer G Karam Kian Torabiardakani Annie Lok Shanil Ebrahim Sheena Bance Regina Kunz Gordon H Guyatt Jason W Busse Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. PLoS ONE |
| title | Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. |
| title_full | Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. |
| title_short | Prevalence of symptom exaggeration among North American independent medical evaluation examinees: A systematic review of observational studies. |
| title_sort | prevalence of symptom exaggeration among north american independent medical evaluation examinees a systematic review of observational studies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324684 |
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