An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots
Elevated dopamine (DA) levels in urine denote neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer. Saccharide-derived carbon dots (CDs) were applied to assay DA detection in simulated urine (SU) while delineating the effects of graphene defect density on electrocatalytic activity. CDs were hydrothermally synthesized...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| author | Ram Chandra Nepal Elif S. Seven Roger M. Leblanc Charles C. Chusuei |
| author_facet | Ram Chandra Nepal Elif S. Seven Roger M. Leblanc Charles C. Chusuei |
| author_sort | Ram Chandra Nepal |
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| description | Elevated dopamine (DA) levels in urine denote neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer. Saccharide-derived carbon dots (CDs) were applied to assay DA detection in simulated urine (SU) while delineating the effects of graphene defect density on electrocatalytic activity. CDs were hydrothermally synthesized to vary graphene defect densities using sucrose, raffinose, and palatinose, depositing them onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) were encapsulated by the CDs. Cyclic (CV) and linear sweep (LSV) voltammetry measurements were obtained, drop-casting the CDs onto GCEs and measuring DA in a phosphate-buffer solution (pH = 7). DA had an oxidation peak at +0.2 V with SucCDs, with the highest current correlating with the highest defect density. PalCD-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited the largest signal for DA detection in simulated urine (SU) using the oxidation peak at +0.5 V; the composite had a lower defect density compared to SucCD-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PalCDs had a DA detection range of 1 to 90 µM with an LOD of 0.88 μM in SU. SEM-EDX analysis of the electrode surface revealed semi-spherical structures with an average particle diameter of 80 ± 19 nm (n = 347) with PalCDs decorating the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs. XRD characterization showed the incorporation of PalCD and Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> within the composite. XPS showed electron density donation from the PalCD to Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-1109e75c9e1a45778f88a75cfb56c2f02025-01-24T13:43:57ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130241310.3390/molecules30020413An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon DotsRam Chandra Nepal0Elif S. Seven1Roger M. Leblanc2Charles C. Chusuei3Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 440 Friendship Street, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USADepartment of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USADepartment of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USADepartment of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 440 Friendship Street, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USAElevated dopamine (DA) levels in urine denote neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer. Saccharide-derived carbon dots (CDs) were applied to assay DA detection in simulated urine (SU) while delineating the effects of graphene defect density on electrocatalytic activity. CDs were hydrothermally synthesized to vary graphene defect densities using sucrose, raffinose, and palatinose, depositing them onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) were encapsulated by the CDs. Cyclic (CV) and linear sweep (LSV) voltammetry measurements were obtained, drop-casting the CDs onto GCEs and measuring DA in a phosphate-buffer solution (pH = 7). DA had an oxidation peak at +0.2 V with SucCDs, with the highest current correlating with the highest defect density. PalCD-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited the largest signal for DA detection in simulated urine (SU) using the oxidation peak at +0.5 V; the composite had a lower defect density compared to SucCD-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PalCDs had a DA detection range of 1 to 90 µM with an LOD of 0.88 μM in SU. SEM-EDX analysis of the electrode surface revealed semi-spherical structures with an average particle diameter of 80 ± 19 nm (n = 347) with PalCDs decorating the Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs. XRD characterization showed the incorporation of PalCD and Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> within the composite. XPS showed electron density donation from the PalCD to Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/413carbon dotscyclic voltammetryRamangraphene defectsdopamine |
| spellingShingle | Ram Chandra Nepal Elif S. Seven Roger M. Leblanc Charles C. Chusuei An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots Molecules carbon dots cyclic voltammetry Raman graphene defects dopamine |
| title | An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots |
| title_full | An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots |
| title_fullStr | An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots |
| title_short | An Electrochemical Dopamine Assay with Cobalt Oxide Palatinose Carbon Dots |
| title_sort | electrochemical dopamine assay with cobalt oxide palatinose carbon dots |
| topic | carbon dots cyclic voltammetry Raman graphene defects dopamine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/413 |
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