Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin
Rainfall erosivity is a crucial factor in the evaluation of soil erosion, significantly influencing the complex relationships among water, soil, and the environment. Understanding its attributes and variations in space and time is essential for effective water resource management, erosion mitigation...
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MDPI AG
2024-08-01
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| author | Qingqin Bai Lei Wang Yangzong Cidan |
| author_facet | Qingqin Bai Lei Wang Yangzong Cidan |
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| description | Rainfall erosivity is a crucial factor in the evaluation of soil erosion, significantly influencing the complex relationships among water, soil, and the environment. Understanding its attributes and variations in space and time is essential for effective water resource management, erosion mitigation, and land-use planning. This paper utilizes daily precipitation data from 123 grid points in the Niyang River Basin, spanning from 2008 to 2016, to calculate rainfall erosivity using a straightforward algorithmic model. Ordinary Kriging was used to examine the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall erosivity, while Spearman’s correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between annual rainfall erosivity and various factors, including multi-year average precipitation, erosive rainfall, dry-season rainfall, wet-season rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The results indicate a year-by-year increase in rainfall erosivity in the basin, with a trend towards stabilization. The average annual rainfall erosivity over the years is 711 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, peaking at 1098 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in 2014. A significant 93.9% of rainfall erosivity is concentrated in the wet season, with a maximum of 191 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in July. The left bank of the mainstream, especially the central and lower sections of the main river and its tributaries, experiences the highest rainfall erosivity. Rainfall factors predominantly influence erosivity, with erosive rainfall showing the strongest correlation (rho = 0.93), while temperature and elevation have relatively minor effects. This study enhances the understanding of rainfall erosive forces in the plateau region and provides a scientific basis for predicting soil loss, developing effective erosion control measures, and ensuring sustainable land use. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-10f375f89d0c48d5bccdf49be9331a2f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj-art-10f375f89d0c48d5bccdf49be9331a2f2025-08-20T01:55:58ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332024-08-01159103210.3390/atmos15091032Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River BasinQingqin Bai0Lei Wang1Yangzong Cidan2College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, ChinaCollege of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, ChinaCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, ChinaRainfall erosivity is a crucial factor in the evaluation of soil erosion, significantly influencing the complex relationships among water, soil, and the environment. Understanding its attributes and variations in space and time is essential for effective water resource management, erosion mitigation, and land-use planning. This paper utilizes daily precipitation data from 123 grid points in the Niyang River Basin, spanning from 2008 to 2016, to calculate rainfall erosivity using a straightforward algorithmic model. Ordinary Kriging was used to examine the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall erosivity, while Spearman’s correlation analysis was employed to examine the relationships between annual rainfall erosivity and various factors, including multi-year average precipitation, erosive rainfall, dry-season rainfall, wet-season rainfall, temperature, and elevation. The results indicate a year-by-year increase in rainfall erosivity in the basin, with a trend towards stabilization. The average annual rainfall erosivity over the years is 711 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, peaking at 1098 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in 2014. A significant 93.9% of rainfall erosivity is concentrated in the wet season, with a maximum of 191 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>MJ</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mo>·</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>·</mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in July. The left bank of the mainstream, especially the central and lower sections of the main river and its tributaries, experiences the highest rainfall erosivity. Rainfall factors predominantly influence erosivity, with erosive rainfall showing the strongest correlation (rho = 0.93), while temperature and elevation have relatively minor effects. This study enhances the understanding of rainfall erosive forces in the plateau region and provides a scientific basis for predicting soil loss, developing effective erosion control measures, and ensuring sustainable land use.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/15/9/1032precipitationrainfallerosivityrunoffspatial statisticalcorrelation analysis |
| spellingShingle | Qingqin Bai Lei Wang Yangzong Cidan Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin Atmosphere precipitation rainfall erosivity runoff spatial statistical correlation analysis |
| title | Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin |
| title_full | Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin |
| title_fullStr | Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin |
| title_short | Spatial and Temporal Variability of Rainfall Erosivity in the Niyang River Basin |
| title_sort | spatial and temporal variability of rainfall erosivity in the niyang river basin |
| topic | precipitation rainfall erosivity runoff spatial statistical correlation analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/15/9/1032 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT qingqinbai spatialandtemporalvariabilityofrainfallerosivityintheniyangriverbasin AT leiwang spatialandtemporalvariabilityofrainfallerosivityintheniyangriverbasin AT yangzongcidan spatialandtemporalvariabilityofrainfallerosivityintheniyangriverbasin |