Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens
Multidrug antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a formidable challenge in the therapy of infectious diseases, triggered by the particularly concerning gram-negative <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i&...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/63 |
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| author | Giedrė Valdonė Sakalauskienė Lina Malcienė Edgaras Stankevičius Aurelija Radzevičienė |
| author_facet | Giedrė Valdonė Sakalauskienė Lina Malcienė Edgaras Stankevičius Aurelija Radzevičienė |
| author_sort | Giedrė Valdonė Sakalauskienė |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multidrug antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a formidable challenge in the therapy of infectious diseases, triggered by the particularly concerning gram-negative <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (ESKAPE) pathogens. Designated as a “priority” in 2017, these bacteria continue to pose a significant threat in 2024, particularly during the worldwide SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, where coinfections with ESKAPE members contributed to worsened patient outcomes. The declining effectiveness of current treatments against these pathogens has led to an increased disease burden and an increase in mortality rates globally. This review explores the sophisticated mechanisms driving AMR in gram-negative ESKAPE bacteria, focusing on <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. Key bacterial mechanisms contributing to resistance include limitations in drug uptake, production of antibiotic-degrading enzymes, alterations in drug target sites, and enhanced drug efflux systems. Comprehending these pathways is vital for formulating innovative therapeutic strategies and tackling the ongoing threat posed by these resistant pathogens. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0eb43c7553d345019e290148c66232e1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-0eb43c7553d345019e290148c66232e12025-01-24T13:18:48ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822025-01-011416310.3390/antibiotics14010063Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE PathogensGiedrė Valdonė Sakalauskienė0Lina Malcienė1Edgaras Stankevičius2Aurelija Radzevičienė3Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, LithuaniaInstitute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, LithuaniaInstitute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, LithuaniaInstitute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, LithuaniaMultidrug antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a formidable challenge in the therapy of infectious diseases, triggered by the particularly concerning gram-negative <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. (ESKAPE) pathogens. Designated as a “priority” in 2017, these bacteria continue to pose a significant threat in 2024, particularly during the worldwide SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, where coinfections with ESKAPE members contributed to worsened patient outcomes. The declining effectiveness of current treatments against these pathogens has led to an increased disease burden and an increase in mortality rates globally. This review explores the sophisticated mechanisms driving AMR in gram-negative ESKAPE bacteria, focusing on <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Enterobacter</i> spp. Key bacterial mechanisms contributing to resistance include limitations in drug uptake, production of antibiotic-degrading enzymes, alterations in drug target sites, and enhanced drug efflux systems. Comprehending these pathways is vital for formulating innovative therapeutic strategies and tackling the ongoing threat posed by these resistant pathogens.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/63antimicrobial resistancemultidrug-resistant gram-negative ESKAPE pathogensmechanisms of antimicrobial resistance |
| spellingShingle | Giedrė Valdonė Sakalauskienė Lina Malcienė Edgaras Stankevičius Aurelija Radzevičienė Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens Antibiotics antimicrobial resistance multidrug-resistant gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance |
| title | Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens |
| title_full | Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens |
| title_fullStr | Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens |
| title_short | Unseen Enemy: Mechanisms of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens |
| title_sort | unseen enemy mechanisms of multidrug antimicrobial resistance in gram negative eskape pathogens |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance multidrug-resistant gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/1/63 |
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