Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study
Abstract Background Sepsis is defined as invasion of pathogens into the blood stream together with the host response to this invasion. Thus, sepsis consists of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)caused by infection. It is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt detection and...
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BMC
2025-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Primary Care |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-025-02708-1 |
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| author | Sylvester Kaimba Eric Umar |
| author_facet | Sylvester Kaimba Eric Umar |
| author_sort | Sylvester Kaimba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Sepsis is defined as invasion of pathogens into the blood stream together with the host response to this invasion. Thus, sepsis consists of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)caused by infection. It is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt detection and early definitive medical intervention. Globally, sepsis is common, with an estimated 31.5 million cases per year. Sepsis accounts for a significant in-hospital mortality rate of 17% in high-income countries, while in Malawi, it ranges from 17 to 50%. For Malawi, the trend can be reversed with improvements in patient referral system within the healthcare system. The study sets out to establish factors associate with delay referral of patients with sepsis from primary healthcare to tertiary hospitals and to understand healthcare workers and patients’ perspectives on barriers associated with delayed referral of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare. Methods A qualitative descriptive study in six health centres within Blantyre District health office. In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 respondents: healthcare providers [n = 12]; patients [n = 10] using semi-structured interview guides. Purposive sampling techniques were used in selecting healthcare providers (health centre in charges) and patients. Results The study demonstrating that the main referral pathways for patients with sepsis include community-to-facility and facility-to-facility referrals. Ambulances and personal transport are common transportation mode used during referrals. Primary care facilities face several challenges that delay referrals from primary to tertiary health facility of patients with sepsis, such as lack of referral transport, poor communication, poor road network, shortage of skilled healthcare workers, patient preferences, delayed treatment-seeking action, and ambulances prioritising maternal conditions. Conclusions Patients’ delay and failure to access prompt and timely referral services result from the healthcare system’s lack of transport, communication problems, bad road networks and shortage of well-trained personnel. Referral delays have deleterious effects on patient-care outcomes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0d95907099cb421dae4abcdc36784f61 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2731-4553 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Primary Care |
| spelling | doaj-art-0d95907099cb421dae4abcdc36784f612025-01-19T12:33:46ZengBMCBMC Primary Care2731-45532025-01-0126111010.1186/s12875-025-02708-1Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative studySylvester Kaimba0Eric Umar1School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS)School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS)Abstract Background Sepsis is defined as invasion of pathogens into the blood stream together with the host response to this invasion. Thus, sepsis consists of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)caused by infection. It is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt detection and early definitive medical intervention. Globally, sepsis is common, with an estimated 31.5 million cases per year. Sepsis accounts for a significant in-hospital mortality rate of 17% in high-income countries, while in Malawi, it ranges from 17 to 50%. For Malawi, the trend can be reversed with improvements in patient referral system within the healthcare system. The study sets out to establish factors associate with delay referral of patients with sepsis from primary healthcare to tertiary hospitals and to understand healthcare workers and patients’ perspectives on barriers associated with delayed referral of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare. Methods A qualitative descriptive study in six health centres within Blantyre District health office. In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 respondents: healthcare providers [n = 12]; patients [n = 10] using semi-structured interview guides. Purposive sampling techniques were used in selecting healthcare providers (health centre in charges) and patients. Results The study demonstrating that the main referral pathways for patients with sepsis include community-to-facility and facility-to-facility referrals. Ambulances and personal transport are common transportation mode used during referrals. Primary care facilities face several challenges that delay referrals from primary to tertiary health facility of patients with sepsis, such as lack of referral transport, poor communication, poor road network, shortage of skilled healthcare workers, patient preferences, delayed treatment-seeking action, and ambulances prioritising maternal conditions. Conclusions Patients’ delay and failure to access prompt and timely referral services result from the healthcare system’s lack of transport, communication problems, bad road networks and shortage of well-trained personnel. Referral delays have deleterious effects on patient-care outcomes.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-025-02708-1SepsisReferral pathwayPrimary health careTertiary hospitalDelay referral |
| spellingShingle | Sylvester Kaimba Eric Umar Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study BMC Primary Care Sepsis Referral pathway Primary health care Tertiary hospital Delay referral |
| title | Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study |
| title_full | Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study |
| title_fullStr | Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study |
| title_short | Factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in Blantyre, Malawi: a qualitative study |
| title_sort | factors associated with delayed referrals of patients with sepsis from primary to tertiary healthcare in blantyre malawi a qualitative study |
| topic | Sepsis Referral pathway Primary health care Tertiary hospital Delay referral |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-025-02708-1 |
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