Steganography in Game Actions
The exchange of messages has always carried with it the timeless challenge of secrecy. From whispers in shadows to the enigmatic notes written in the margins of history, humanity has long sought ways to convey thoughts that remain imperceptible to all but the chosen few. In the intricate patterns of...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844282/ |
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| _version_ | 1823859591562133504 |
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| author | Ching-Chun Chang Isao Echizen |
| author_facet | Ching-Chun Chang Isao Echizen |
| author_sort | Ching-Chun Chang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The exchange of messages has always carried with it the timeless challenge of secrecy. From whispers in shadows to the enigmatic notes written in the margins of history, humanity has long sought ways to convey thoughts that remain imperceptible to all but the chosen few. In the intricate patterns of imagery, the nuanced modulation of sound and the meticulous orchestration of language, the challenge of subliminal communication has been addressed in various forms of steganography. However, the field faces a fundamental paradox: as the art of concealment advances, so too does the science of revelation, leading to an ongoing evolutionary interplay. This study seeks to extend the boundaries of what is considered a viable steganographic medium. We explore a steganographic paradigm, in which hidden information is communicated through the episodes of multiple agents interacting with an environment. Each agent, acting as an encoder, learns a policy to disguise the very existence of hidden messages within actions seemingly directed toward innocent objectives. Meanwhile, an observer, serving as a decoder, learns to associate behavioural patterns with their respective agents despite their dynamic nature, thereby unveiling the hidden messages. The interactions of agents are governed by the framework of multi-agent reinforcement learning and shaped by feedback from the observer. This framework encapsulates a game-theoretic dilemma, wherein agents face decisions between cooperating to create distinguishable behavioural patterns or defecting to pursue individually optimal yet potentially overlapping episodic actions. As a proof of concept, we exemplify action steganography through the game of labyrinth, a navigation task where subliminal communication is concealed within the act of steering toward a destination. The stego-system has been systematically validated through experimental evaluations, assessing its distortion and capacity alongside its secrecy and robustness when subjected to simulated passive and active adversaries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c7627b6558848a58c78d92d27244bd7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c7627b6558848a58c78d92d27244bd72025-02-11T00:00:36ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113210292104210.1109/ACCESS.2025.353096110844282Steganography in Game ActionsChing-Chun Chang0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-4591Isao Echizen1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-1860National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, JapanNational Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, JapanThe exchange of messages has always carried with it the timeless challenge of secrecy. From whispers in shadows to the enigmatic notes written in the margins of history, humanity has long sought ways to convey thoughts that remain imperceptible to all but the chosen few. In the intricate patterns of imagery, the nuanced modulation of sound and the meticulous orchestration of language, the challenge of subliminal communication has been addressed in various forms of steganography. However, the field faces a fundamental paradox: as the art of concealment advances, so too does the science of revelation, leading to an ongoing evolutionary interplay. This study seeks to extend the boundaries of what is considered a viable steganographic medium. We explore a steganographic paradigm, in which hidden information is communicated through the episodes of multiple agents interacting with an environment. Each agent, acting as an encoder, learns a policy to disguise the very existence of hidden messages within actions seemingly directed toward innocent objectives. Meanwhile, an observer, serving as a decoder, learns to associate behavioural patterns with their respective agents despite their dynamic nature, thereby unveiling the hidden messages. The interactions of agents are governed by the framework of multi-agent reinforcement learning and shaped by feedback from the observer. This framework encapsulates a game-theoretic dilemma, wherein agents face decisions between cooperating to create distinguishable behavioural patterns or defecting to pursue individually optimal yet potentially overlapping episodic actions. As a proof of concept, we exemplify action steganography through the game of labyrinth, a navigation task where subliminal communication is concealed within the act of steering toward a destination. The stego-system has been systematically validated through experimental evaluations, assessing its distortion and capacity alongside its secrecy and robustness when subjected to simulated passive and active adversaries.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844282/Artificial intelligencegame theoryreinforcement learningsteganography |
| spellingShingle | Ching-Chun Chang Isao Echizen Steganography in Game Actions IEEE Access Artificial intelligence game theory reinforcement learning steganography |
| title | Steganography in Game Actions |
| title_full | Steganography in Game Actions |
| title_fullStr | Steganography in Game Actions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Steganography in Game Actions |
| title_short | Steganography in Game Actions |
| title_sort | steganography in game actions |
| topic | Artificial intelligence game theory reinforcement learning steganography |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844282/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chingchunchang steganographyingameactions AT isaoechizen steganographyingameactions |