Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective
Green hydrogen (GH<sub>2</sub>) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH<sub>2</sub> research production technologies a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/404 |
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| author | Ruggero Angelico Ferruccio Giametta Biagio Bianchi Pasquale Catalano |
| author_facet | Ruggero Angelico Ferruccio Giametta Biagio Bianchi Pasquale Catalano |
| author_sort | Ruggero Angelico |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Green hydrogen (GH<sub>2</sub>) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH<sub>2</sub> research production technologies and their integration into renewable energy systems, supported by a bibliometric analysis of the recent literature. Produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, GH<sub>2</sub> shows significant potential to decarbonize industries, enhance grid stability, and support the Power-to-X paradigm, which interlinks electricity, heating, transportation, and industrial applications. However, widespread adoption faces challenges, including high production costs, infrastructure constraints, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. Addressing these barriers requires advancements in electrolyzer efficiency, scalable fuel cell technologies, and efficient storage solutions. Sector-coupled smart grids incorporating hydrogen demonstrate the potential to integrate GH<sub>2</sub> into energy systems, enhancing renewable energy utilization and ensuring system reliability. Economic analyses predict that GH<sub>2</sub> can achieve cost parity with fossil fuels by 2030 and will play a foundational role in low-carbon energy systems by 2050. Its ability to convert surplus renewable electricity into clean energy carriers positions it as a cornerstone for decarbonizing energy-intensive sectors, such as industry, transportation, and heating. This review underscores the transformative potential of GH<sub>2</sub> in creating a sustainable energy future. By addressing technical, economic, and policy challenges and through coordinated efforts in innovation and infrastructure development, GH<sub>2</sub> can accelerate the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems and contribute to achieving global climate goals. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c30ff0dcc394ca3aef9e6da379e252a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c30ff0dcc394ca3aef9e6da379e252a2025-01-24T13:31:22ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-01-0118240410.3390/en18020404Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical PerspectiveRuggero Angelico0Ferruccio Giametta1Biagio Bianchi2Pasquale Catalano3Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, ItalyDepartment of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, ItalyGreen hydrogen (GH<sub>2</sub>) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH<sub>2</sub> research production technologies and their integration into renewable energy systems, supported by a bibliometric analysis of the recent literature. Produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, GH<sub>2</sub> shows significant potential to decarbonize industries, enhance grid stability, and support the Power-to-X paradigm, which interlinks electricity, heating, transportation, and industrial applications. However, widespread adoption faces challenges, including high production costs, infrastructure constraints, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. Addressing these barriers requires advancements in electrolyzer efficiency, scalable fuel cell technologies, and efficient storage solutions. Sector-coupled smart grids incorporating hydrogen demonstrate the potential to integrate GH<sub>2</sub> into energy systems, enhancing renewable energy utilization and ensuring system reliability. Economic analyses predict that GH<sub>2</sub> can achieve cost parity with fossil fuels by 2030 and will play a foundational role in low-carbon energy systems by 2050. Its ability to convert surplus renewable electricity into clean energy carriers positions it as a cornerstone for decarbonizing energy-intensive sectors, such as industry, transportation, and heating. This review underscores the transformative potential of GH<sub>2</sub> in creating a sustainable energy future. By addressing technical, economic, and policy challenges and through coordinated efforts in innovation and infrastructure development, GH<sub>2</sub> can accelerate the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems and contribute to achieving global climate goals.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/404green hydrogenhydrogen productionbibliometric analysisenergy policycarbon capture and storagerenewable energy technologies |
| spellingShingle | Ruggero Angelico Ferruccio Giametta Biagio Bianchi Pasquale Catalano Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective Energies green hydrogen hydrogen production bibliometric analysis energy policy carbon capture and storage renewable energy technologies |
| title | Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective |
| title_full | Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective |
| title_short | Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective |
| title_sort | green hydrogen for energy transition a critical perspective |
| topic | green hydrogen hydrogen production bibliometric analysis energy policy carbon capture and storage renewable energy technologies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/404 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruggeroangelico greenhydrogenforenergytransitionacriticalperspective AT ferrucciogiametta greenhydrogenforenergytransitionacriticalperspective AT biagiobianchi greenhydrogenforenergytransitionacriticalperspective AT pasqualecatalano greenhydrogenforenergytransitionacriticalperspective |