SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development
The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) the spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajecto...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/17 |
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| author | Fabrizio Angius Silvia Puxeddu Silvio Zaimi Serena Canton Sepehr Nematollahzadeh Andrea Pibiri Ilenia Delogu Gualtiero Alvisi Meng Ling Moi Aldo Manzin |
| author_facet | Fabrizio Angius Silvia Puxeddu Silvio Zaimi Serena Canton Sepehr Nematollahzadeh Andrea Pibiri Ilenia Delogu Gualtiero Alvisi Meng Ling Moi Aldo Manzin |
| author_sort | Fabrizio Angius |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) the spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajectory. These mutations have significantly affected transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy, leading to multiple pandemic waves with over half a billion cases and seven million deaths globally. Despite several strategies, from rapid vaccine development and administration to the design and availability of antivirals, including monoclonal antibodies, already having been employed, the persistent circulation of the virus and the emergence of new variants continue to result in high case numbers and fatalities. In the past four years, immense research efforts have contributed much to our understanding of the viral pathogenesis mechanism, the COVID-19 syndrome, and the host–microbe interactions, leading to the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and treatments. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the functional impact of mutations on diagnosis, treatments, and vaccine effectiveness. We further discuss vaccine safety in pregnancy and the implications of hybrid immunity on long-term protection against infection, as well as the latest developments on a pan-coronavirus vaccine and nasal formulations, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance, research, and adaptive public health strategies in response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution race. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0b14a2b02bc242fcb4e7e2821fa7e5b0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-0b14a2b02bc242fcb4e7e2821fa7e5b02025-01-24T13:51:40ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-011311710.3390/vaccines13010017SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and DevelopmentFabrizio Angius0Silvia Puxeddu1Silvio Zaimi2Serena Canton3Sepehr Nematollahzadeh4Andrea Pibiri5Ilenia Delogu6Gualtiero Alvisi7Meng Ling Moi8Aldo Manzin9Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, ItalySchool of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyThe COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the rapid evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presents ongoing challenges to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by rapidly evolving mutations, especially in (but not limited to) the spike protein, complicating predictions about its evolutionary trajectory. These mutations have significantly affected transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine efficacy, leading to multiple pandemic waves with over half a billion cases and seven million deaths globally. Despite several strategies, from rapid vaccine development and administration to the design and availability of antivirals, including monoclonal antibodies, already having been employed, the persistent circulation of the virus and the emergence of new variants continue to result in high case numbers and fatalities. In the past four years, immense research efforts have contributed much to our understanding of the viral pathogenesis mechanism, the COVID-19 syndrome, and the host–microbe interactions, leading to the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and treatments. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the functional impact of mutations on diagnosis, treatments, and vaccine effectiveness. We further discuss vaccine safety in pregnancy and the implications of hybrid immunity on long-term protection against infection, as well as the latest developments on a pan-coronavirus vaccine and nasal formulations, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance, research, and adaptive public health strategies in response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution race.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/17SARS-CoV-2variantsvaccinesCOVID-19diagnosistreatments |
| spellingShingle | Fabrizio Angius Silvia Puxeddu Silvio Zaimi Serena Canton Sepehr Nematollahzadeh Andrea Pibiri Ilenia Delogu Gualtiero Alvisi Meng Ling Moi Aldo Manzin SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development Vaccines SARS-CoV-2 variants vaccines COVID-19 diagnosis treatments |
| title | SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development |
| title_full | SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development |
| title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development |
| title_short | SARS-CoV-2 Evolution: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, Vaccine Effectiveness and Development |
| title_sort | sars cov 2 evolution implications for diagnosis treatment vaccine effectiveness and development |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 variants vaccines COVID-19 diagnosis treatments |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/17 |
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