Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides
Abstract This paper presents an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on graphene-plasmonic waveguides for operation in the wavelength range of 8–12 μm. The basic plasmonic waveguide consists of a silicon (Si) strip and a graphene sheet supported by two dielectric ridges. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86387-z |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832571631262760960 |
|---|---|
| author | Saima Kanwal Mohammed R. Saeed Faris K. AL-Shammri Mir Hamid Rezaei |
| author_facet | Saima Kanwal Mohammed R. Saeed Faris K. AL-Shammri Mir Hamid Rezaei |
| author_sort | Saima Kanwal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper presents an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on graphene-plasmonic waveguides for operation in the wavelength range of 8–12 μm. The basic plasmonic waveguide consists of a silicon (Si) strip and a graphene sheet supported by two dielectric ridges. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are stimulated in the spatial gap between the graphene sheet and the Si strip. The effect of geometric parameters and chemical potential of the graphene sheet changes on the suggested waveguide’s waveguiding behavior is meticulously investigated using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) method. The encoder comprises a straight waveguide to detect the state of the In0 input and two Y-combiners with outputs Out0 and Out1 to detect the state of the In1, In2, and In3 inputs. The encoder exhibits a minimum extinction ratio (ER min ) of 19 dB at a wavelength of 10 μm. In addition, the cross-talk (CT) and insertion loss (IL) values are −21.3 and −1.31 dB, respectively. The encoder offers an ultra-compact structure with a total footprint of 4.25 μm2. Due to its exceptional waveguiding features, low CT and IL values, and high ER min , the proposed encoder holds promise for various communication and signal processing applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-09d88e43d6334443abdf873b5c37dbc8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-09d88e43d6334443abdf873b5c37dbc82025-02-02T12:24:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-86387-zCross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguidesSaima Kanwal0Mohammed R. Saeed1Faris K. AL-Shammri2Mir Hamid Rezaei3School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyDepartment of Electrical Techniques Engineering, Al-Hussain University CollegeBiomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Warith Al AnbiyaaDepartment of Communications and Electronics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz UniversityAbstract This paper presents an all-optical 4 × 2 encoder based on graphene-plasmonic waveguides for operation in the wavelength range of 8–12 μm. The basic plasmonic waveguide consists of a silicon (Si) strip and a graphene sheet supported by two dielectric ridges. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are stimulated in the spatial gap between the graphene sheet and the Si strip. The effect of geometric parameters and chemical potential of the graphene sheet changes on the suggested waveguide’s waveguiding behavior is meticulously investigated using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) method. The encoder comprises a straight waveguide to detect the state of the In0 input and two Y-combiners with outputs Out0 and Out1 to detect the state of the In1, In2, and In3 inputs. The encoder exhibits a minimum extinction ratio (ER min ) of 19 dB at a wavelength of 10 μm. In addition, the cross-talk (CT) and insertion loss (IL) values are −21.3 and −1.31 dB, respectively. The encoder offers an ultra-compact structure with a total footprint of 4.25 μm2. Due to its exceptional waveguiding features, low CT and IL values, and high ER min , the proposed encoder holds promise for various communication and signal processing applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86387-zAll-optical encoderHigh extinction ratioPlasmonic waveguideSurface plasmon polaritonSuspended grapheneCross-talk-free |
| spellingShingle | Saima Kanwal Mohammed R. Saeed Faris K. AL-Shammri Mir Hamid Rezaei Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides Scientific Reports All-optical encoder High extinction ratio Plasmonic waveguide Surface plasmon polariton Suspended graphene Cross-talk-free |
| title | Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides |
| title_full | Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides |
| title_fullStr | Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides |
| title_short | Cross-talk-free, high extinction ratio, and ultra-compact all‑optical 4 × 2 encoder using graphene-based plasmonic waveguides |
| title_sort | cross talk free high extinction ratio and ultra compact all optical 4 2 encoder using graphene based plasmonic waveguides |
| topic | All-optical encoder High extinction ratio Plasmonic waveguide Surface plasmon polariton Suspended graphene Cross-talk-free |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86387-z |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saimakanwal crosstalkfreehighextinctionratioandultracompactalloptical42encoderusinggraphenebasedplasmonicwaveguides AT mohammedrsaeed crosstalkfreehighextinctionratioandultracompactalloptical42encoderusinggraphenebasedplasmonicwaveguides AT fariskalshammri crosstalkfreehighextinctionratioandultracompactalloptical42encoderusinggraphenebasedplasmonicwaveguides AT mirhamidrezaei crosstalkfreehighextinctionratioandultracompactalloptical42encoderusinggraphenebasedplasmonicwaveguides |