Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics
Abstract The main burden in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection currently, is the side effects of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) used, because each treatment is toxic to the liver. This study uses optimal control theory applied to a mathematical model that describes the dynamics...
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| Language: | English |
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Mathematics in Industry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13362-025-00167-y |
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| author | Hasifa Nampala Matylda Jabłońska-Sabuka Martin Singull |
| author_facet | Hasifa Nampala Matylda Jabłońska-Sabuka Martin Singull |
| author_sort | Hasifa Nampala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The main burden in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection currently, is the side effects of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) used, because each treatment is toxic to the liver. This study uses optimal control theory applied to a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of HIV infection in the liver. The optimal controls are presented as therapy efficacy of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), integrase inhibitors (INs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). An objective function is defined with an aim to investigate the optimal control strategy that minimises toxicity, viral load and cost of first-line and second-line HIV regimen. Results indicate that, in the first-line regimen with INs, a patient has to take medication for at least 98% of the treatment time and the regimen should be close to 100% efficacious regardless of the intervention cost. For second-line regimen, the period of drug administration of PIs largely depends on the weight constants. Inclusion of INs in the first-line regimen yields better HIV DNA suppression, as they are more efficacious than NRTIs. Of all drugs studied, nevirapine is highly efficacious but most toxic. The study recommends routine transaminase tests because results indicate liver enzyme elevation even with very low viral load. Numerical results with pharmacokinetic parameters further indicate an increase in HIV load at initiation of therapy, due to viral redistribution in plasma. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0714460908f647fd89605e0b62ed8622 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2190-5983 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Mathematics in Industry |
| spelling | doaj-art-0714460908f647fd89605e0b62ed86222025-02-02T12:12:16ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Mathematics in Industry2190-59832025-01-0115112610.1186/s13362-025-00167-yAnalysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokineticsHasifa Nampala0Matylda Jabłońska-Sabuka1Martin Singull2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kyambogo UniversityDepartment of Computational Engineering, LUT UniversityDepartment of Mathematics, Linköping UniversityAbstract The main burden in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection currently, is the side effects of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) used, because each treatment is toxic to the liver. This study uses optimal control theory applied to a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of HIV infection in the liver. The optimal controls are presented as therapy efficacy of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), integrase inhibitors (INs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). An objective function is defined with an aim to investigate the optimal control strategy that minimises toxicity, viral load and cost of first-line and second-line HIV regimen. Results indicate that, in the first-line regimen with INs, a patient has to take medication for at least 98% of the treatment time and the regimen should be close to 100% efficacious regardless of the intervention cost. For second-line regimen, the period of drug administration of PIs largely depends on the weight constants. Inclusion of INs in the first-line regimen yields better HIV DNA suppression, as they are more efficacious than NRTIs. Of all drugs studied, nevirapine is highly efficacious but most toxic. The study recommends routine transaminase tests because results indicate liver enzyme elevation even with very low viral load. Numerical results with pharmacokinetic parameters further indicate an increase in HIV load at initiation of therapy, due to viral redistribution in plasma.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13362-025-00167-yHIVAntiretroviral therapyOptimal controlPharmacokinetics |
| spellingShingle | Hasifa Nampala Matylda Jabłońska-Sabuka Martin Singull Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics Journal of Mathematics in Industry HIV Antiretroviral therapy Optimal control Pharmacokinetics |
| title | Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| title_full | Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| title_short | Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| title_sort | analysis of hiv therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics |
| topic | HIV Antiretroviral therapy Optimal control Pharmacokinetics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13362-025-00167-y |
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