Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel
There is a growing interest in the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs) for scientific, military, and industrial applications, leading to the development of wireless underwater communications. However, the channel for Underwater Acoustic (UWA) communicat...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844089/ |
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| author | Agnieszka Czapiewska Andrzej Luksza Ryszard Studanski Lukasz Wojewodka Andrzej Zak |
| author_facet | Agnieszka Czapiewska Andrzej Luksza Ryszard Studanski Lukasz Wojewodka Andrzej Zak |
| author_sort | Agnieszka Czapiewska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is a growing interest in the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs) for scientific, military, and industrial applications, leading to the development of wireless underwater communications. However, the channel for Underwater Acoustic (UWA) communications is challenging compared to the radio wave propagation in the air. Especially in shallow waters, where the channel has strong multipath effects. The difficulties are even greater when the communicating objects are in motion. Nevertheless, it is worth to analyze if solutions known from radio communication systems are applicable for underwater hydroacoustic purposes. In this paper, a comparison is made between two well-known modulation techniques used in radio communication: the widely used BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation and CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) technique used in LoRa (Long Range communication) system. The modulation techniques mentioned are compared with MBFSK (Multiple Binary Frequency Shift Keying) modulation used in underwater wireless communication systems, which is said to be very resistant to the multipath effect. In MBFSK, the value of the bit determines the value of the frequency on which the power is transmitted. The paper presents simulation results as well as results of measurements in the towing tank of the CTO (Maritime Advanced Research Centre). The comparison of simulation and real measurements leads to worrying conclusions, as they differ considerably. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-06f0b5052e73406db589ff87e40fb62d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-06f0b5052e73406db589ff87e40fb62d2025-01-25T00:02:41ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113133951340410.1109/ACCESS.2025.353094810844089Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath ChannelAgnieszka Czapiewska0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-2679Andrzej Luksza1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3811-4447Ryszard Studanski2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9656-0886Lukasz Wojewodka3https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3403-179XAndrzej Zak4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0364-4077Department of Radio Communication Systems and Networks, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, PolandFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, PolandFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, PolandFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, PolandFaculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, PolandThere is a growing interest in the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs) for scientific, military, and industrial applications, leading to the development of wireless underwater communications. However, the channel for Underwater Acoustic (UWA) communications is challenging compared to the radio wave propagation in the air. Especially in shallow waters, where the channel has strong multipath effects. The difficulties are even greater when the communicating objects are in motion. Nevertheless, it is worth to analyze if solutions known from radio communication systems are applicable for underwater hydroacoustic purposes. In this paper, a comparison is made between two well-known modulation techniques used in radio communication: the widely used BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation and CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) technique used in LoRa (Long Range communication) system. The modulation techniques mentioned are compared with MBFSK (Multiple Binary Frequency Shift Keying) modulation used in underwater wireless communication systems, which is said to be very resistant to the multipath effect. In MBFSK, the value of the bit determines the value of the frequency on which the power is transmitted. The paper presents simulation results as well as results of measurements in the towing tank of the CTO (Maritime Advanced Research Centre). The comparison of simulation and real measurements leads to worrying conclusions, as they differ considerably.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844089/BPSKCSSLoRaMBFSKunderwater communication |
| spellingShingle | Agnieszka Czapiewska Andrzej Luksza Ryszard Studanski Lukasz Wojewodka Andrzej Zak Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel IEEE Access BPSK CSS LoRa MBFSK underwater communication |
| title | Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel |
| title_full | Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel |
| title_short | Evaluation of Selected Modulation Techniques in Underwater Multipath Channel |
| title_sort | evaluation of selected modulation techniques in underwater multipath channel |
| topic | BPSK CSS LoRa MBFSK underwater communication |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844089/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT agnieszkaczapiewska evaluationofselectedmodulationtechniquesinunderwatermultipathchannel AT andrzejluksza evaluationofselectedmodulationtechniquesinunderwatermultipathchannel AT ryszardstudanski evaluationofselectedmodulationtechniquesinunderwatermultipathchannel AT lukaszwojewodka evaluationofselectedmodulationtechniquesinunderwatermultipathchannel AT andrzejzak evaluationofselectedmodulationtechniquesinunderwatermultipathchannel |