Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis
Vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to control clinical paratuberculosis in dairy herds, but its effect on the immune response at the intestine have been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, interferon...
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2025-06-01
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| author | David Zapico José Espinosa María Muñoz Luis Ernesto Reyes Julio Benavides Juan Francisco García Marín Miguel Fernández |
| author_facet | David Zapico José Espinosa María Muñoz Luis Ernesto Reyes Julio Benavides Juan Francisco García Marín Miguel Fernández |
| author_sort | David Zapico |
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| description | Vaccination remains the most cost-effective way to control clinical paratuberculosis in dairy herds, but its effect on the immune response at the intestine have been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, interferon (IFN)-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cluster of differentiation (CD)-204 in calves vaccinated with Silirum<sup>®</sup> and then experimentally infected with paratuberculosis, using immunohistochemical techniques. Samples of the injection-site granuloma, scapular lymph node, intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes were studied. Lesions were classified as focal, multifocal and diffuse paucibacillary (lymphocytic). The immunolabeling for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and IFN-γ was assessed according to the number of immunolabeled cells, while TLR9, iNOS and CD204 immunolabeling in the lesions was evaluated using a histological score (H-score). Vaccinated calves with focal forms showed a significant increase in the number of macrophages immunolabeled TLR2 at the intestine and in the H-score values for iNOS in the granulomas. A greater immunolabeling of TLR2 and IFN-γ was detected at the injection-site granuloma. Animals with multifocal lesions, regardless of the vaccination status, showed lower numbers of TLR2+ macrophages and higher H-score values for CD204 in the granulomas. Thus, the protection conferred by the Silirum<sup>®</sup> vaccine is associated with an enhanced immunological response in the intestine. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-041c28895f3c419183c249693f7d7001 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-041c28895f3c419183c249693f7d70012025-08-20T03:28:29ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-06-011513184110.3390/ani15131841Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical AnalysisDavid Zapico0José Espinosa1María Muñoz2Luis Ernesto Reyes3Julio Benavides4Juan Francisco García Marín5Miguel Fernández6Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), E-24346 Grulleros, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071 León, SpainVaccination remains the most cost-effective way to control clinical paratuberculosis in dairy herds, but its effect on the immune response at the intestine have been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, interferon (IFN)-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cluster of differentiation (CD)-204 in calves vaccinated with Silirum<sup>®</sup> and then experimentally infected with paratuberculosis, using immunohistochemical techniques. Samples of the injection-site granuloma, scapular lymph node, intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes were studied. Lesions were classified as focal, multifocal and diffuse paucibacillary (lymphocytic). The immunolabeling for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and IFN-γ was assessed according to the number of immunolabeled cells, while TLR9, iNOS and CD204 immunolabeling in the lesions was evaluated using a histological score (H-score). Vaccinated calves with focal forms showed a significant increase in the number of macrophages immunolabeled TLR2 at the intestine and in the H-score values for iNOS in the granulomas. A greater immunolabeling of TLR2 and IFN-γ was detected at the injection-site granuloma. Animals with multifocal lesions, regardless of the vaccination status, showed lower numbers of TLR2+ macrophages and higher H-score values for CD204 in the granulomas. Thus, the protection conferred by the Silirum<sup>®</sup> vaccine is associated with an enhanced immunological response in the intestine.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/13/1841paratuberculosislesiongranulomacattlevaccinationTLR |
| spellingShingle | David Zapico José Espinosa María Muñoz Luis Ernesto Reyes Julio Benavides Juan Francisco García Marín Miguel Fernández Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis Animals paratuberculosis lesion granuloma cattle vaccination TLR |
| title | Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_full | Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_short | Influence of Paratuberculosis Vaccination on the Local Immune Response in Experimentally Infected Calves: An Immunohistochemical Analysis |
| title_sort | influence of paratuberculosis vaccination on the local immune response in experimentally infected calves an immunohistochemical analysis |
| topic | paratuberculosis lesion granuloma cattle vaccination TLR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/13/1841 |
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