A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency
In this paper, a CMOS Class-J Doherty power amplifier (PA) integrating a Class-G driver and an Impedance-Modulated-Quadrature-Transformer (IMQT) to enhance back-off efficiency for multimode operations is presented. The Class-J Doherty PA utilizes a second harmonic termination to improve its efficien...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844314/ |
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| author | Selvakumar Mariappan Jagadheswaran Rajendran Norhamizah Idros Sofiyah Sal Hamid Asrulnizam Bin Abd Manaf Narendra Kumar Abdullah Alghaihab Arokia Nathan Binboga Siddik Yarman |
| author_facet | Selvakumar Mariappan Jagadheswaran Rajendran Norhamizah Idros Sofiyah Sal Hamid Asrulnizam Bin Abd Manaf Narendra Kumar Abdullah Alghaihab Arokia Nathan Binboga Siddik Yarman |
| author_sort | Selvakumar Mariappan |
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| description | In this paper, a CMOS Class-J Doherty power amplifier (PA) integrating a Class-G driver and an Impedance-Modulated-Quadrature-Transformer (IMQT) to enhance back-off efficiency for multimode operations is presented. The Class-J Doherty PA utilizes a second harmonic termination to improve its efficiency. To further augment efficiency at deep back-off output power, a single-supply-rail Class-G driver operates with the IMQT, modulating the interstage impedance between the driver and the Doherty stages. The IMQT features a stacked transformer architecture and dynamically adjusts its impedance by switching a floating, intermediate coil between the transformer’s primary and secondary windings. A comparator regulates the IMQT based on the Class-G driver’s operation. The IMQT-DPA, fabricated using a 65nm CMOS process, operates at a center frequency of 28 GHz with a supply headroom of 1.8V. The PA achieves an average output power of 14 dBm with a back-off efficiency of 21%, representing a 1.4-fold efficiency enhancement compared to conventional Class-B operation. Under low-power mode (VDD/2) with a Class-G driver operation, the average output power is 11.3 dBm with a 1.3-fold efficiency improvement. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-041b5d2e7a594682ae5c23507ae5f306 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-041b5d2e7a594682ae5c23507ae5f3062025-01-31T00:01:01ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113172361724510.1109/ACCESS.2025.353095810844314A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off EfficiencySelvakumar Mariappan0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-6894Jagadheswaran Rajendran1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0313-8462Norhamizah Idros2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3981-1025Sofiyah Sal Hamid3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-3318Asrulnizam Bin Abd Manaf4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-263XNarendra Kumar5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-8971Abdullah Alghaihab6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8183-540XArokia Nathan7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2070-8853Binboga Siddik Yarman8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-5524Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaCollaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaCollaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaCollaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaCollaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDarwin College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K.Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TürkiyeIn this paper, a CMOS Class-J Doherty power amplifier (PA) integrating a Class-G driver and an Impedance-Modulated-Quadrature-Transformer (IMQT) to enhance back-off efficiency for multimode operations is presented. The Class-J Doherty PA utilizes a second harmonic termination to improve its efficiency. To further augment efficiency at deep back-off output power, a single-supply-rail Class-G driver operates with the IMQT, modulating the interstage impedance between the driver and the Doherty stages. The IMQT features a stacked transformer architecture and dynamically adjusts its impedance by switching a floating, intermediate coil between the transformer’s primary and secondary windings. A comparator regulates the IMQT based on the Class-G driver’s operation. The IMQT-DPA, fabricated using a 65nm CMOS process, operates at a center frequency of 28 GHz with a supply headroom of 1.8V. The PA achieves an average output power of 14 dBm with a back-off efficiency of 21%, representing a 1.4-fold efficiency enhancement compared to conventional Class-B operation. Under low-power mode (VDD/2) with a Class-G driver operation, the average output power is 11.3 dBm with a 1.3-fold efficiency improvement.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844314/CMOSDohertypower amplifier (PA)quadrature-transformerback-off efficiencymillimeter-wave |
| spellingShingle | Selvakumar Mariappan Jagadheswaran Rajendran Norhamizah Idros Sofiyah Sal Hamid Asrulnizam Bin Abd Manaf Narendra Kumar Abdullah Alghaihab Arokia Nathan Binboga Siddik Yarman A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency IEEE Access CMOS Doherty power amplifier (PA) quadrature-transformer back-off efficiency millimeter-wave |
| title | A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency |
| title_full | A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency |
| title_fullStr | A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency |
| title_short | A 28-GHz CMOS-65 nm Dual Mode Class-J Doherty Power Amplifier With Integrated Class-G Driver and Impedance-Modulated- Quadrature-Transformer Achieving 21% Back-Off Efficiency |
| title_sort | 28 ghz cmos 65 nm dual mode class j doherty power amplifier with integrated class g driver and impedance modulated quadrature transformer achieving 21 back off efficiency |
| topic | CMOS Doherty power amplifier (PA) quadrature-transformer back-off efficiency millimeter-wave |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10844314/ |
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