Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks

Distance relays (DRs) have long been considered one of the most reliable protection schemes for transmission lines (TLs), providing primary and backup protection. However, the increasing complexity of transmission networks, the integration of large-scale renewable energy and dynamic operating condit...

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Main Authors: Rahul Pujari, Mahamad Nabab Alam
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10877802/
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author Rahul Pujari
Mahamad Nabab Alam
author_facet Rahul Pujari
Mahamad Nabab Alam
author_sort Rahul Pujari
collection DOAJ
description Distance relays (DRs) have long been considered one of the most reliable protection schemes for transmission lines (TLs), providing primary and backup protection. However, the increasing complexity of transmission networks, the integration of large-scale renewable energy and dynamic operating conditions present significant challenges to their effectiveness. Traditional DRs protection logic often struggles when networks deviate from predefined configurations, potentially leading to protection failures. Numerous solutions have been proposed in the literature to address individual challenges in distance relaying for the protection of TLs. However, there are only a few review papers which comprehensively cover these issues across multiple domains of problems encountered in modern power system networks. This paper thoroughly reviews the technical, topological, and operational challenges that impact DRs performance, as reported in the literature. It systematically categorizes protection issues and their corresponding solutions available in the literature into twelve key areas: power swings, voltage instability, load encroachment, parallel lines, multi-terminal lines, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, series compensation, high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, renewable energy integration, microgrids, high-impedance faults, and cyberattacks. Additionally, the paper identifies emerging research opportunities to tackle the increasing complexity of modern power systems, aiming to foster the development of more robust and adaptive distance protection schemes for TLs.
format Article
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spelling doaj-art-0146eddec8fc4ba8abea8d1cdc21ca992025-08-20T03:12:53ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113288612889310.1109/ACCESS.2025.353991910877802Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System NetworksRahul Pujari0https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0152-6651Mahamad Nabab Alam1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8322-8304National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, IndiaNational Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, IndiaDistance relays (DRs) have long been considered one of the most reliable protection schemes for transmission lines (TLs), providing primary and backup protection. However, the increasing complexity of transmission networks, the integration of large-scale renewable energy and dynamic operating conditions present significant challenges to their effectiveness. Traditional DRs protection logic often struggles when networks deviate from predefined configurations, potentially leading to protection failures. Numerous solutions have been proposed in the literature to address individual challenges in distance relaying for the protection of TLs. However, there are only a few review papers which comprehensively cover these issues across multiple domains of problems encountered in modern power system networks. This paper thoroughly reviews the technical, topological, and operational challenges that impact DRs performance, as reported in the literature. It systematically categorizes protection issues and their corresponding solutions available in the literature into twelve key areas: power swings, voltage instability, load encroachment, parallel lines, multi-terminal lines, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, series compensation, high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, renewable energy integration, microgrids, high-impedance faults, and cyberattacks. Additionally, the paper identifies emerging research opportunities to tackle the increasing complexity of modern power systems, aiming to foster the development of more robust and adaptive distance protection schemes for TLs.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10877802/Distance relayshigh impedance faultsmaloperationoverreachmulti-terminal linesparallel lines
spellingShingle Rahul Pujari
Mahamad Nabab Alam
Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
IEEE Access
Distance relays
high impedance faults
maloperation
overreach
multi-terminal lines
parallel lines
title Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
title_full Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
title_fullStr Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
title_full_unstemmed Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
title_short Distance Relaying for the Protection of Modern Power System Networks
title_sort distance relaying for the protection of modern power system networks
topic Distance relays
high impedance faults
maloperation
overreach
multi-terminal lines
parallel lines
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10877802/
work_keys_str_mv AT rahulpujari distancerelayingfortheprotectionofmodernpowersystemnetworks
AT mahamadnababalam distancerelayingfortheprotectionofmodernpowersystemnetworks