Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies
Paratuberculosis (PTB), also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic contagious granulomatous disease of a wide variety of animals. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical, hematobiochemical, sonographic, pathologic findi...
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Tripoli University
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Open Veterinary Journal |
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| author | Mohamed Tharwat Haytham Ali Abdulrahman A. Alkheraif |
| author_facet | Mohamed Tharwat Haytham Ali Abdulrahman A. Alkheraif |
| author_sort | Mohamed Tharwat |
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| description | Paratuberculosis (PTB), also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic contagious granulomatous disease of a wide variety of animals. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical, hematobiochemical, sonographic, pathologic findings, and approaches to treatment and control of PTB in sheep and goats. Decreased appetite, weight loss and changed fecal consistency were reported in sheep and goats with PTB. Clinical disease in sheep and goats is generally observed in those 2-4 years old. Other findings may include anorexia, coat roughness, and depression. The recorded hematological changes included neutropenia, leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, and increased hematocrit percent and hemoglobin concentration. Serum changes included hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, hypoproteinemia, and increased activity of creatine kinase. An overall increase in the intestinal mucosa thickness was detected upon sonography in goats with PTB. Corrugation and folding of the intestinal mucosa may be also imaged in goats with PTB. However, the remarkable enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes is the most important finding. In sheep, postmortem findings included thickened intestinal walls, folding and corrugation of intestinal mucosa especially close to the ileocaecal junction. Edematous and enlarged ileocecal and mesenteric lymph nodes may be observed. In goats, necropsy findings included enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes and thickened walls of the small intestines with folded and corrugated mucosa. No successful therapy of PTB in sheep and goats has been reported. Control of PTB in sheep and goats can be achieved by vaccination. In conclusion, early detection and eradication programs of PTB should be implemented more effectively for the control of PTB in sheep and goats. More research should be directed towards a vaccination program of PTB in these species. [Open Vet J 2025; 15(1.000): 1-7] |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0128ebc19f86420c8eb3eb516ef98733 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2226-4485 2218-6050 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Tripoli University |
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| series | Open Veterinary Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-0128ebc19f86420c8eb3eb516ef987332025-08-20T02:11:50ZengTripoli UniversityOpen Veterinary Journal2226-44852218-60502025-01-011511710.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i1.1223095Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategiesMohamed Tharwat0Haytham Ali1Abdulrahman A. Alkheraif2Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of OmanParatuberculosis (PTB), also known as Johne's disease, is a chronic contagious granulomatous disease of a wide variety of animals. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinical, hematobiochemical, sonographic, pathologic findings, and approaches to treatment and control of PTB in sheep and goats. Decreased appetite, weight loss and changed fecal consistency were reported in sheep and goats with PTB. Clinical disease in sheep and goats is generally observed in those 2-4 years old. Other findings may include anorexia, coat roughness, and depression. The recorded hematological changes included neutropenia, leukocytosis, erythrocytosis, and increased hematocrit percent and hemoglobin concentration. Serum changes included hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, hypoproteinemia, and increased activity of creatine kinase. An overall increase in the intestinal mucosa thickness was detected upon sonography in goats with PTB. Corrugation and folding of the intestinal mucosa may be also imaged in goats with PTB. However, the remarkable enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes is the most important finding. In sheep, postmortem findings included thickened intestinal walls, folding and corrugation of intestinal mucosa especially close to the ileocaecal junction. Edematous and enlarged ileocecal and mesenteric lymph nodes may be observed. In goats, necropsy findings included enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes and thickened walls of the small intestines with folded and corrugated mucosa. No successful therapy of PTB in sheep and goats has been reported. Control of PTB in sheep and goats can be achieved by vaccination. In conclusion, early detection and eradication programs of PTB should be implemented more effectively for the control of PTB in sheep and goats. More research should be directed towards a vaccination program of PTB in these species. [Open Vet J 2025; 15(1.000): 1-7]http://www.ejmanager.com/fulltextpdf.php?mno=223095goatjohne's diseasepathologyparatuberculosissheep |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Tharwat Haytham Ali Abdulrahman A. Alkheraif Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies Open Veterinary Journal goat johne's disease pathology paratuberculosis sheep |
| title | Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies |
| title_full | Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies |
| title_fullStr | Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies |
| title_short | Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats: Pathogenesis, diagnostic findings, and control strategies |
| title_sort | paratuberculosis in sheep and goats pathogenesis diagnostic findings and control strategies |
| topic | goat johne's disease pathology paratuberculosis sheep |
| url | http://www.ejmanager.com/fulltextpdf.php?mno=223095 |
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