Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant
Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the i...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Yujie Zhou Wenzhu Yin Zhidong Teng Yanyan Zhao Yu Lu Yingjuan Qian Bihua Deng |
| author_facet | Yujie Zhou Wenzhu Yin Zhidong Teng Yanyan Zhao Yu Lu Yingjuan Qian Bihua Deng |
| author_sort | Yujie Zhou |
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| description | Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a VLP-based vaccine with a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvant, named WT. Methods: The WT adjuvant was mixed with FMD VLPs to form the VLPs+WT vaccine. The size and stability of the vaccine were analyzed. BALB/c mice were immunized with the VLPs+WT vaccine, and immunological responses were assessed through antibody measurements, cytokine profiling, and gene expression analysis. In addition, splenic lymphocyte proliferation and signaling pathways were examined. Results: The VLPs+WT vaccine exhibited a homogeneous size of 324.60 ± 2.30 nm and a viscosity of 8.76 mPa·s, indicating good stability. Immunized mice showed steady weight gain and no organ abnormalities. Compared to the VLPs group, the VLPs+WT group induced significantly higher levels of specific antibodies that persisted for 12 weeks, similar to the commercial VLPs+ISA201 vaccine. The VLPs+WT vaccine also enhanced the secretion of Th1-related (IgG2a, IFN-γ) and Th2-related (IgG1, IL-4) molecules. WT stimulated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, primarily activating B-cell receptor signaling and phagosome pathways. It also upregulated genes associated with MHC and interferon stimulation while promoting the expression of MyD88, PI3K, AKT, p65, and p-p65 proteins. Conclusions: These findings suggest that WT is an effective adjuvant for FMD VLP-based vaccines, with potential for improving vaccine efficacy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0119a70d82f44ff08e855136822639c2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-0119a70d82f44ff08e855136822639c22025-01-24T13:51:42ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-011312410.3390/vaccines13010024Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water AdjuvantYujie Zhou0Wenzhu Yin1Zhidong Teng2Yanyan Zhao3Yu Lu4Yingjuan Qian5Bihua Deng6MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, ChinaInstitute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaInstitute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaMOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, ChinaInstitute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaBackground: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a VLP-based vaccine with a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvant, named WT. Methods: The WT adjuvant was mixed with FMD VLPs to form the VLPs+WT vaccine. The size and stability of the vaccine were analyzed. BALB/c mice were immunized with the VLPs+WT vaccine, and immunological responses were assessed through antibody measurements, cytokine profiling, and gene expression analysis. In addition, splenic lymphocyte proliferation and signaling pathways were examined. Results: The VLPs+WT vaccine exhibited a homogeneous size of 324.60 ± 2.30 nm and a viscosity of 8.76 mPa·s, indicating good stability. Immunized mice showed steady weight gain and no organ abnormalities. Compared to the VLPs group, the VLPs+WT group induced significantly higher levels of specific antibodies that persisted for 12 weeks, similar to the commercial VLPs+ISA201 vaccine. The VLPs+WT vaccine also enhanced the secretion of Th1-related (IgG2a, IFN-γ) and Th2-related (IgG1, IL-4) molecules. WT stimulated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, primarily activating B-cell receptor signaling and phagosome pathways. It also upregulated genes associated with MHC and interferon stimulation while promoting the expression of MyD88, PI3K, AKT, p65, and p-p65 proteins. Conclusions: These findings suggest that WT is an effective adjuvant for FMD VLP-based vaccines, with potential for improving vaccine efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/24foot-and-mouth diseasevirus-like particleW/O/W double emulsionadjuvant |
| spellingShingle | Yujie Zhou Wenzhu Yin Zhidong Teng Yanyan Zhao Yu Lu Yingjuan Qian Bihua Deng Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant Vaccines foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particle W/O/W double emulsion adjuvant |
| title | Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant |
| title_full | Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant |
| title_short | Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant |
| title_sort | enhanced immunogenicity of foot and mouth disease virus like particles using a water in oil in water adjuvant |
| topic | foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particle W/O/W double emulsion adjuvant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/24 |
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